TOEFL
STRUCTURE and GRAMMER
The structure section
contains sentences that test your knowledge of important structural and
grammatical elements of standard written English. These sentences include a
variety of topics and give no particular advantage to individuals in any
specific field of study.
1.
INDEFINITE
PRONOUNS
As
the name suggests indefinite pronouns are pronouns that are not definite in
meaning. In other words they are not specific in which noun they replace. They
may be singular or plural, and must match the verb in number. There are two
categories of indefinite pronouns. The first category includes pronouns
that refer to a nonspecific noun.
Example :
Young
rabbits learn to feed......when they are one day old.
a. So
b. And
c. Much
d. Themselves
The
answered is ( D )
2.
ADJECTIVE
CLAUSES
Adjective
clauses (relative clauses) are like "sentences inside
sentences." The "job" of adjective clauses is
to modify(describe, identify, make specific) the noun phrases that they
follow. In their full forms, adjective clauses have several parts:
arelative pronoun (or, in some cases, another kind of connecting word),
a subject, and a predicate (a verb and, often, other types of
words which follow it).
Example :
The
earth spins around ...... that connects the geographic north and south poles.
a. The
image and line
b.
Imagined and line
c. That
line imagined
d. The
imaginary line
The
answered is ( D )
3.
ADVERBS
Adverbs
modify verbs. They tell you how something is done,when something
is done, or where something is done.
Example :
Art
critics and historians a like claim that Van Gogh’s art........from that of his
contemporaries
a. is
a considerable difference
b.
is considerably different
c. the
difference is considerable
d. was
considerably and differently
The
answered is ( B )
4.
NOUN
CLAUSES
A noun
clause is a dependent clause that can be used in the same way as a noun or
pronoun. It can be a subject, predicate nominative, direct object, appositive,
indirect object, or object of the preposition. Some of the words that
introduce noun clauses are that, whether, who, why, whom, what,
how, when, whoever, where, and whomever. Notice that some of these
words also introduce adjective and adverb clauses. (To check a noun clause
substitute the pronoun it or the proper form of the
pronouns he or she for the noun clause.)
Example :
In
1848, elizabeth stanton organized the first ..... right convention in the
Unites States.
a. Woman
b. Women
c. Women’s
d. Woman’s
The
answered is ( C )
5.
GERUND
This looks exactly
the same as a present participle, and for this reason it is now common to call
both forms 'the -ing form'.Howeverit is useful to understand the
difference between the two. The gerund always has the same function as a noun
(although it looks like a verb).
Example :
My
brother can ...... car very well.
a. driving
b. drive
c. drove
d. To
drive
The
answered is B
6.
VERB
+ PREPOSITION
Prepositional
verbs are a group of multi-word verbs made from a verb plus another word or
words. Many people refer to all multi-word verbs as phrasal verbs.
Prepositional verbs are made of:
verb
+ preposition
Because
a preposition always has an object, all prepositional verbs have direct
objects.
Example :
In
the past 200 years, the earth’s atmostphere.........enriched in carbon dioxide
a. becoming
b. have
become
c. becomes
d. has
become
The
answered is ( D )
7.
SIMPLE
PRESENT TENSE
We
use the simple present tense to talk about regular or habitual
actions.
For
most verbs in the simple present tense, you must add an "s" to the
end of the verb for he/she/it, as in, "Devan hates the
holidays." However, for some verbs, you have to add es forhe/she/it,
as in, "She watches a lot of TV," or,
"He misses his mom." So how do you know
when es is necessary? One rule to remember is that any verb ending
in ch, sh or ss needs an es, not s,
for he/she/it. For the other pronouns, i/you/we/they, regular verbs
simply take the basic verb form.For example, "Iplay basketball,"
or, "We love watching movies." And remember, you can always
put an always in front of a simple present verb to indicate that
something happens all the time.
· POSITIVE
+ TO BE
SUBJECT + TO
BE (am/is/are) + ADJECTIVE/NOUN/ADVERB OF PLACES
· NEGATIVE
+ TO BE
SUBJECT + TO
BE + NOT + ADJECTIVE/NOUN/ADVERB OF
PLACES
· QUESTIONS
TO
BE + SUBJECT + ADJECTIVE/NOUN/ADVERB OF
PLACES?
Example :
Mother
..... coffe in the market
a. buys
b. buy
c. bought
d. is
bought
The
answered is ( A )
8.
PRESENT
CONTINUOUS TENSE
The
present continuous tense is formed from the present tense of the
verb be and the present participle (-ing form) of a verb.
· POSITIVE
SUBJECT + TO
BE (am/is/are) + VERB-ing
· NEGATIVE
SUBJECT + TO
BE + NOT + VERB-ing
· QUESTIONS
TO
BE + SUBJECT + VERB-ING?
Example :
She ....... (to be/sing) a song.
a. Are
sing
b. Singing
c. is
singing
d. Are
singing
The
answered is ( C )
9.
PRESENT
PERFECT TENSE
The
present perfect of any verb is composed of two elements : the appropriate form
of the auxiliary verb to have (present tense), plus the past
participle of the main verb. The past participle of a regular verb
is base+ed, e.g. played, arrived, looked.
· POSITIVE
SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS
+ VERB-3
· NEGATIVE
SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + NOT + VERB-3
· QUESTIONS
HAVE/HAS + SUBJECT + VERB-3?
Example :
Have
you ... been too america?
a. Never
b. Yet
c. Ever
d. Almost
The
answered is ( C )
10. PRESENT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS TENSE
This
tense is used to talk about an action or actions that started in the past and
continued until recently or that continue into the future.
· POSITIVE
SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS
+ BEEN + VERB-ING
· NEGATIVE
SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + NOT + BEEN +
VERB-ING
· QUESTIONS
HAVE/HAS + SUBJECT + BEEN + VERB-ING?
Example :
I
have .... rice
a. Eat
b. Eate
c. to
eat
d. Eaten
The
answered is ( D )
11. SIMPLE PAST
TENSE
The
simple past tense is used to talk about finished actions that happened at a
specific time in the past. You state when it happened using a time adverb
You
form the simple past of a verb by adding -ed onto the end of a regular
verb but, irregular verb forms have to be learnt.
· POSITIVE
+ TO BE
SUBJECT + WAS/WERE + ADJECTIVE/NOUN/ADVERB
OF PLACES
· NEGATIVE
+ TO BE
SUBJECT + WAS/WERE + NOT + ADJECTIVE/NOUN/ADVERB
OF PLACES
· QUESTIONS
WAS/WERE + SUBJECT + ADJECTIVE/NOUN/ADVERB
OF PLACES?
Example :
Father
.... (has/have been read) newspaper since an hour ago.
a. Have
been reading
b. Has
been reading
c. Have
been read
d. Has
been read
The
answered is ( B )
12. PAST CONTINUOUS
TENSE
The past
continuous tense is an important tense in English. We use it to say what
we were in the middle of doing at a particular moment in the past.
· POSITIVE
SUBJECT + TO
BE (were/was) + VERB-ing
· NEGATIVE
SUBJECT + TO
BE + NOT + VERB-ing
· QUESTIONS
TO
BE + SUBJECT + VERB-ING?
Example :
She
.... (was/were wash) her dresser when you phoned her.
a. It
was washing
b. Were
wash
c. Were
washing
d. Was
Washing
The
answered is ( D )
13. PAST PERFECT
TENSE
The
past perfect tense is used to show that one action in a sentence finishes
before a second action begins. Words likebefore and after are
indicators that the past perfect tense may be used; however, there are no
strict rules for this situation. You must choose the best verb tense for your
sentence.
· POSITIVE
SUBJECT + HAD
+ VERB-3
· NEGATIVE
SUBJECT + HAD + NOT + VERB-3
· QUESTIONS
HAD + SUBJECT + VERB-3?
Example :
Mother
had .....(cook) when my sister came.
a. Cook
b. Cooked
c. Cooking
d. Cooks
The
answered is ( B )
14. PAST PERFECT
CONTINUOUS TENSE
The
past perfect continuous tense indicates a continuous action that was completed
at some point in the past. This tense is formed with the modal "HAD"
plus "BEEN," plus the present participle of the verb (with
an -ing ending).
· POSITIVE
SUBJECT + HAD
+ BEEN + VERB-ING
· NEGATIVE
SUBJECT + HAD + NOT + BEEN +
VERB-ING
· QUESTIONS
HAD + SUBJECT + BEEN + VERB-ING?
Example :
The
police had .... (been look) for the thief for two weeks.
a. looking
b. been
looked
c. been
look
d. been
looking
The
answered is ( D )
15. FUTURE TENSE
There
are several different ways in English that you can talk about the future.
· POSITIVE
SUBJECT + WILL/SHALL +
VERB-1
· NEGATIVE
SUBJECT + WILL/SHALL + NOT +
VERB-1
· QUESTIONS
WILL/SHALL + SUBJECT + VERB-1?
Example :
The
meeting will last for ....
a. an
hour
b. tomorrow
c. next
week
d. after
tomorrow
The
answered is ( A )
16. FUTURE
CONTINUOUS TENSE
The
future continuous relates one action in the future to another specific action
or time.
· POSITIVE
SUBJECT + WILL/SHALL
BE + VERB-ING
· NEGATIVE
SUBJECT + WILL/SHALL + NOT + BE + VERB-ING
· QUESTIONS
WILL/SHALL + SUBJECT + BE
+ VERB-ING?
Example :
Mother........
soto next sunday
a. Shall
be cooking
b. Will
be cook
c. Shall
be cook
d. Will
be cooking
The
answered is ( D )
17. FUTURE PERFECT
TENSE
The
future perfect tense indicates that an action will have been completed
(finished or "perfected") at some point in the future. This tense is
formed with "will" plus "have" plus the past participle of
the verb (which can be either regular or irregular in form): "I will
have spent all my money by this time next year. Iwill have
run successfully in three marathons if I can finish this one.”
· POSITIVE
SUBJECT + WILL/SHALL + HAVE
+ VERB-3
· NEGATIVE
SUBJECT + WILL/SHALL + NOT + HAVE +
VERB-3
· QUESTIONS
WILL/SHALL + SUBJECT + HAVE + VERB-3?
Example :
I
hope that next month you .... not have forgotten what you have done.
a. Will
b. Shall
c. Had
d. Have
The
answered is ( A )
18. FUTURE PERFECT
CONTINUOUS TENSE
We
use the Future Perfect Continuous tense to express situations that
will last for a specified period of time at a definite moment in the future. We
also use this tense to express certainty about the cause of some future
situation.
· POSITIVE
SUBJECT + WILL
+ HAVE BEEN + VERB-ING
· NEGATIVE
SUBJECT + WILL + NOT + HAVE BEEN
+ VERB-ING
· QUESTIONS
WILL + SUBJECT + HAVE
BEEN + VERB-ING?
Example :
By
march 2014 we .... have been living in surabaya for two years.
a. Will
b. Have
c. Shall
d. Had
The
answered is ( C )
19. PAST FUTURE
TENSE
Past
future tense is a verb form used to express the events will be conducted in the
past but not this time.
The
formula:
Positive:
S + would + V1
Negative:
S + would + not + V1
Question:
would + S + V1
Example :
Toni
... swim at the pool yesterday.
a.
should
b.
were
c.
was
d.
would
The
answered is ( D )
20. PAST FUTURE
CONTINUOUS TENSE
Past
future tense continuous tense is used to express the events that will be being
carried out, at a certain time in the future.
The
formula:
Positive:
S + would + be + Ving
Negative:
S + would + not + be + Ving
Question:
Would + S + be + Ving
Example :
Mother
.... (be wash) dresses later.
a.
should
be wash
b.
would
be wash
c.
would
be washing
d.
should
be washing
The
answered is ( C )
21. PAST FUTURE
PERFECT TENSE
Past
tense is the future perfect tense is used to express something that's been
happening, but it WILL but its position would have been passed.
The
formula:
Positive:
S + would + have + V3
Negative:
S + would + not + have + V3
Question:
would + S + have + V3
Example :
Father
.... repaired his car.
a.
would
have
b.
should
have
c.
would
d.
should
The
answered is ( A )
22. PAST FUTURE
PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Past
continuous tense is the future perfect tense is used to express the events that
will be, has been and still take place in the past, the past. Past Future
Perfect Continuous Tense about events or things that would have been taking
place in the past.
The
formula:
Positive:
S + would + have + been + Ving
Negative:
S + would + not + have + been + Ving
Question:
S + would + have + been + Ving
Example :
Tina
.... , .... been (study) english for nine month by last june.
a.
would,has
study
b.
would,have
studying
c.
should,have
study
d.
should,has
studying
The
answered is ( B )
23. WILL AND TO BE
GOING TO
A
very confusing concept is when to use WILL and when to use BE
GOING TO when we refer the future. Both refer to the future but there is a
slight difference but in most cases they can be used interchangeably with no
difference in meaning. Even if you misuse them, a native speaker is going to
understand you without any problems.
WILL
· POSITIVE
SUBJECT + WILL +
VERB-1
· NEGATIVE
SUBJECT + WILL + NOT +
VERB-1
· QUESTIONS
WILL
+ SUBJECT + VERB-1?
BE
GOING TO
· POSITIVE
SUBJECT + TO
BE + GOING TO + VERB-1
· NEGATIVE
SUBJECT + TO
BE + NOT + GOING TO + VERB-1
· QUESTIONS
TO
BE + SUBJECT + GOING
TO + VERB-1?
Example :
I
think she ..... to singapore next month.
a. Moved
b. Moving
c. Has
moved
d. Will
move
The
answered is ( D )
24. SO, TOO,
NEITHER, EITHER
· SO
SO + AUXILIARY
VERB + SUBJECT
· TOO
SUBJECT + AUXILIARY
VERB + TOO
· NEITHER
NEITHER + AUXILIARY
VERB + SUBJECT
· EITHER
EITHER + AUXILIARY
VERB + NOT + SUBJECT
Example :
they
went home last night, .... ?
a. Did
she
b. So
did they
c. He
does too
d. So
was she
The
answered is B
Sumber :
TOP TOEFL GRAMMAR STRATEGY ( Silvester Goridus Sukur)
Smart
Way to TOEFL ( Johan H.F. & Anne Juwita )
