TOEFL STRUCTURE FOR THE TEST

TOEFL STRUCTURE and GRAMMER

The structure section contains sentences that test your knowledge of important structural and grammatical elements of standard written English. These sentences include a variety of topics and give no particular advantage to individuals in any specific field of study.

1.      INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

As the name suggests indefinite pronouns are pronouns that are not definite in meaning. In other words they are not specific in which noun they replace. They may be singular or plural, and must match the verb in number. There are two categories of indefinite pronouns. The first category includes pronouns that refer to a nonspecific noun.

Example  :

Young rabbits learn to feed......when they are one day old.

a.       So

b.       And

c.       Much

d.       Themselves

The answered is ( D )

2.      ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

Adjective clauses (relative clauses) are like "sentences inside sentences." The "job" of adjective clauses is to modify(describe, identify, make specific) the noun phrases that they follow. In their full forms, adjective clauses have several parts: arelative pronoun (or, in some cases, another kind of connecting word), a subject, and a predicate (a verb and, often, other types of words which follow it).

Example  :

The earth spins around ...... that connects the geographic north and south poles.

a.        The image and line

b.        Imagined and line

c.        That line imagined

d.        The imaginary line

The answered is ( D )

3.      ADVERBS

Adverbs modify verbs. They tell you how something is done,when something is done, or where something is done.

Example  :

Art critics and historians a like claim that Van Gogh’s art........from that of his contemporaries

a.      is a considerable difference

b.      is considerably different

c.      the difference is considerable

d.      was considerably and differently

The answered is ( B )

4.      NOUN CLAUSES

A noun clause is a dependent clause that can be used in the same way as a noun or pronoun. It can be a subject, predicate nominative, direct object, appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition. Some of the words that introduce noun clauses are that, whether, who, why, whom, what, how, when, whoever, where, and whomever. Notice that some of these words also introduce adjective and adverb clauses. (To check a noun clause substitute the pronoun it or the proper form of the pronouns he or she for the noun clause.)

Example  :

In 1848, elizabeth stanton organized the first ..... right convention in the Unites States.

a.        Woman

b.        Women

c.         Women’s

d.        Woman’s

The answered is ( C )

5.      GERUND

This looks exactly the same as a present participle, and for this reason it is now common to call both forms 'the -ing form'.Howeverit is useful to understand the difference between the two. The gerund always has the same function as a noun (although it looks like a verb).

Example  :     

My brother can ...... car very well.

a.       driving

b.       drive

c.        drove

d.       To drive

The answered is B

6.      VERB + PREPOSITION

Prepositional verbs are a group of multi-word verbs made from a verb plus another word or words. Many people refer to all multi-word verbs as phrasal verbs. Prepositional verbs are made of:

verb + preposition

Because a preposition always has an object, all prepositional verbs have direct objects.

Example  : 

In the past 200 years, the earth’s atmostphere.........enriched in carbon dioxide

a.   becoming

b.   have become

c.   becomes

d.   has become

The answered is ( D )

7.      SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

We use the simple present tense to talk about regular or habitual actions.

For most verbs in the simple present tense, you must add an "s" to the end of the verb for he/she/it, as in, "Devan hates the holidays." However, for some verbs, you have to add es forhe/she/it, as in, "She watches a lot of TV," or, "He misses his mom." So how do you know when es is necessary? One rule to remember is that any verb ending in ch, sh or ss needs an es, not s, for he/she/it. For the other pronouns, i/you/we/they, regular verbs simply take the basic verb form.For example, "Iplay basketball," or, "We love watching movies." And remember, you can always put an always in front of a simple present verb to indicate that something happens all the time.

·     POSITIVE + TO BE

SUBJECT  +  TO BE (am/is/are)  + ADJECTIVE/NOUN/ADVERB OF PLACES

·      NEGATIVE + TO BE

SUBJECT  +  TO BE  +  NOT  + ADJECTIVE/NOUN/ADVERB OF PLACES

·     QUESTIONS

TO BE  +  SUBJECT  + ADJECTIVE/NOUN/ADVERB OF PLACES?

Example  :

Mother ..... coffe in the market

a.     buys

b.     buy

c.     bought

d.     is bought

The answered is ( A )

8.      PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

The present continuous tense is formed from the present tense of the verb be and the present participle (-ing form) of a verb.

·     POSITIVE

SUBJECT  +  TO BE (am/is/are)  +  VERB-ing

·      NEGATIVE

SUBJECT  +  TO BE  +  NOT  +  VERB-ing

·     QUESTIONS

TO BE  +  SUBJECT  +  VERB-ING?

Example  :

She  ....... (to be/sing) a song.

a.        Are sing

b.        Singing

c.        is singing

d.       Are singing

The answered is ( C )

9.      PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

The present perfect of any verb is composed of two elements : the appropriate form of the auxiliary verb to have (present tense), plus the past participle of the main verb. The past participle of a regular verb is base+ed, e.g. played, arrived, looked.

·     POSITIVE

SUBJECT  +  HAVE/HAS +  VERB-3

·      NEGATIVE

SUBJECT  +  HAVE/HAS  +  NOT  +  VERB-3

·     QUESTIONS

HAVE/HAS  +  SUBJECT  +  VERB-3?

Example  :

Have you ... been too america?

a.      Never

b.      Yet

c.      Ever

d.      Almost

The answered is ( C )

10.  PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

This tense is used to talk about an action or actions that started in the past and continued until recently or that continue into the future.

·     POSITIVE

SUBJECT  +  HAVE/HAS +  BEEN  + VERB-ING

·      NEGATIVE

SUBJECT  +  HAVE/HAS  +  NOT  +  BEEN  + VERB-ING

·     QUESTIONS

HAVE/HAS  +  SUBJECT  +  BEEN  +  VERB-ING?

Example  :

I have .... rice

a.     Eat

b.     Eate

c.     to eat

d.     Eaten

The answered is ( D )

11.  SIMPLE PAST TENSE

The simple past tense is used to talk about finished actions that happened at a specific time in the past. You state when it happened using a time adverb

You form the simple past of a verb by adding -ed onto the end of a regular verb but, irregular verb forms have to be learnt.

·     POSITIVE + TO BE

SUBJECT  +  WAS/WERE  + ADJECTIVE/NOUN/ADVERB OF PLACES

·      NEGATIVE + TO BE

SUBJECT  +  WAS/WERE  +  NOT  + ADJECTIVE/NOUN/ADVERB OF PLACES

·     QUESTIONS

WAS/WERE  +  SUBJECT  + ADJECTIVE/NOUN/ADVERB OF PLACES?

Example  :

Father .... (has/have been read) newspaper since an hour ago.

a.     Have been reading

b.     Has been reading

c.     Have been read

d.    Has been read

The answered is ( B )

12.  PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

The past continuous tense is an important tense in English. We use it to say what we were in the middle of doing at a particular moment in the past.

·     POSITIVE

SUBJECT  +  TO BE (were/was)  +  VERB-ing

·      NEGATIVE

SUBJECT  +  TO BE  +  NOT  +  VERB-ing

·     QUESTIONS

TO BE  +  SUBJECT  +  VERB-ING?

Example  :

She .... (was/were wash) her dresser when you phoned her.

a.       It was washing

b.       Were wash

c.       Were washing

d.       Was Washing

The answered is ( D )

13.  PAST PERFECT TENSE

The past perfect tense is used to show that one action in a sentence finishes before a second action begins. Words likebefore and after are indicators that the past perfect tense may be used; however, there are no strict rules for this situation. You must choose the best verb tense for your sentence.

·     POSITIVE

SUBJECT  +  HAD +  VERB-3

·      NEGATIVE

SUBJECT  +  HAD  +  NOT  +  VERB-3

·     QUESTIONS

HAD  +  SUBJECT  +  VERB-3?

Example  :

Mother had .....(cook) when my sister came.

a.      Cook

b.      Cooked

c.      Cooking

d.      Cooks

The answered is ( B )

14.  PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

The past perfect continuous tense indicates a continuous action that was completed at some point in the past. This tense is formed with the modal "HAD" plus "BEEN," plus the present participle of the verb (with an -ing ending).

·     POSITIVE

SUBJECT  +  HAD +  BEEN  + VERB-ING

·      NEGATIVE

SUBJECT  +  HAD  +  NOT  +  BEEN  + VERB-ING

·     QUESTIONS

HAD  +  SUBJECT  +  BEEN  +  VERB-ING?

Example  :

The police had .... (been look) for the thief for two weeks.

a.    looking

b.   been looked

c.   been look

d.   been looking

The answered is ( D )

15.  FUTURE TENSE

There are several different ways in English that you can talk about the future.

·     POSITIVE

SUBJECT  +  WILL/SHALL  + VERB-1

·      NEGATIVE

SUBJECT  +  WILL/SHALL  +  NOT  + VERB-1

·     QUESTIONS

WILL/SHALL  +  SUBJECT  +  VERB-1?

Example  :

The meeting will last for ....

a.     an hour

b.     tomorrow

c.     next week

d.    after tomorrow

The answered is ( A )

16.  FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

The future continuous relates one action in the future to another specific action or time.

·     POSITIVE

SUBJECT  +  WILL/SHALL BE  + VERB-ING

·      NEGATIVE

SUBJECT  +  WILL/SHALL  +  NOT  +  BE  +  VERB-ING

·     QUESTIONS

WILL/SHALL  +  SUBJECT  +  BE +  VERB-ING?

Example  :

Mother........ soto next sunday

a.        Shall be cooking

b.        Will be cook

c.         Shall be cook

d.        Will be cooking

The answered is ( D )

17.  FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

The future perfect tense indicates that an action will have been completed (finished or "perfected") at some point in the future. This tense is formed with "will" plus "have" plus the past participle of the verb (which can be either regular or irregular in form): "I will have spent all my money by this time next year. Iwill have run successfully in three marathons if I can finish this one.”

·     POSITIVE

SUBJECT  +  WILL/SHALL  +   HAVE +  VERB-3

·      NEGATIVE

SUBJECT  +  WILL/SHALL  +  NOT  +  HAVE  + VERB-3

·     QUESTIONS

WILL/SHALL  +  SUBJECT  +  HAVE  +  VERB-3?

Example  :

I hope that next month you .... not have forgotten what you have done.

a.        Will

b.        Shall

c.        Had

d.        Have

The answered is ( A )

18.  FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

We use the Future Perfect Continuous tense to express situations that will last for a specified period of time at a definite moment in the future. We also use this tense to express certainty about the cause of some future situation.

·     POSITIVE

SUBJECT  +  WILL +   HAVE BEEN +  VERB-ING

·      NEGATIVE

SUBJECT  +  WILL  +  NOT  +  HAVE  BEEN + VERB-ING

·     QUESTIONS

WILL  +  SUBJECT  +  HAVE BEEN  +  VERB-ING?

Example  :

By march 2014 we .... have been living in surabaya for two years.

a.        Will

b.        Have

c.        Shall

d.        Had

The answered is ( C )

19.  PAST FUTURE TENSE

Past future tense is a verb form used to express the events will be conducted in the past but not this time.

The formula:

Positive: S + would + V1

Negative: S + would + not + V1

Question: would + S + V1

Example  :

Toni ... swim at the pool yesterday.

a.       should

b.      were

c.       was

d.      would

The answered is ( D )

20.  PAST FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

Past future tense continuous tense is used to express the events that will be being carried out, at a certain time in the future.

The formula:

Positive: S + would + be + Ving

Negative: S + would + not + be + Ving

Question: Would + S + be + Ving

Example  :

Mother .... (be wash) dresses later.

a.       should be wash

b.      would be wash

c.       would be washing

d.      should be washing

The answered is ( C )

21.  PAST FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

Past tense is the future perfect tense is used to express something that's been happening, but it WILL but its position would have been passed.

The formula:

Positive: S + would + have + V3

Negative: S + would + not + have + V3

Question: would + S + have + V3

Example  :

Father .... repaired his car.

a.        would have

b.        should have

c.        would

d.       should

The answered is ( A )

22.  PAST FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Past continuous tense is the future perfect tense is used to express the events that will be, has been and still take place in the past, the past. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense about events or things that would have been taking place in the past.

The formula:

Positive: S + would + have + been + Ving

Negative: S + would + not + have + been + Ving

Question: S + would + have + been + Ving

Example  :

Tina .... , .... been (study) english for nine month by last june.

a.          would,has study

b.          would,have studying

c.          should,have study

d.         should,has studying

The answered is ( B )

23.  WILL AND TO BE GOING TO

A very confusing concept is when to use WILL and when to use BE GOING TO when we refer the future. Both refer to the future but there is a slight difference but in most cases they can be used interchangeably with no difference in meaning. Even if you misuse them, a native speaker is going to understand you without any problems.

WILL

·     POSITIVE

SUBJECT  +  WILL  + VERB-1

·      NEGATIVE

SUBJECT  +  WILL  +  NOT  + VERB-1

·     QUESTIONS

WILL +  SUBJECT  +  VERB-1?

BE GOING TO

·     POSITIVE

SUBJECT  +  TO BE +  GOING TO + VERB-1

·      NEGATIVE

SUBJECT  +  TO BE  +  NOT  +  GOING TO + VERB-1

·     QUESTIONS

TO BE  +  SUBJECT  +  GOING TO  +  VERB-1?

Example  :

I think she  ..... to singapore next month.

a.        Moved

b.        Moving

c.         Has moved

d.        Will move

The answered is ( D )

24.  SO, TOO, NEITHER, EITHER

·     SO

SO  +  AUXILIARY VERB  +  SUBJECT

·     TOO

SUBJECT  +  AUXILIARY VERB  +  TOO

·     NEITHER

NEITHER  +  AUXILIARY VERB  +  SUBJECT

·     EITHER

EITHER  +  AUXILIARY VERB  +  NOT  +  SUBJECT

Example  :

they went home last night, .... ?

a.        Did she

b.        So did they

c.         He does too

d.        So was she

The answered is B

Sumber :
TOP TOEFL GRAMMAR STRATEGY ( Silvester Goridus Sukur)

Smart Way to TOEFL ( Johan H.F. & Anne Juwita )

http://esl.fis.edu/grammar/rules/prescont.htm

http://books.google.co.id/books?id=MePytSBVyX8C&pg=PA51&dq=toefl+structure&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qfWJU7KBEYPXrQfV3oHwAw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=toefl%20structure&f=false

http://www.grammar-monster.com